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Early Experience Determination In Infant Future Intellectual Ability - 825 Words

Early Experience And Its Determination In Infant Future Intellectual Ability (Essay Sample) Content: Early Experience and ChildhoodName:Subject: Human Cognitive DevelopmentInstitutional Affiliation:Course:Level: MASTERSProfessor name:Early experience and its determination in infant future intellectual abilityChildhood is a period of great plasticity and fast learning. Building better brain for children before age of two will mould their life because intelligence will dramatically increase. Parents are urged to give more focus on their children before age of two or three. Therefore, strengths and nature of parents on children influence in early years after birth should be given more concern. This essay aims at discussing an extent in which early experiences in development of children before age of two determines their intellectual skills later in life.Research that link child and brain development and education confirm that early experiences in children determine how their brains are wired. Moreover, the critical two or three years are important as these experiences e valuates whether they will grow up as violent or peaceful individuals, undisciplined or focused workers, detached or attentive future parents (Clinton, 1996).Caregivers or parents do more than bathing, comforting and feeding in taking care of children. They help childrens brain develop by teaching them about the world and shaping temperament. It is argued that these experiences on children are enduring because a pattern for entire future development is laid. If they encounter stressing parents with emotions, their intellectual potential will be limited in the future as it will be hard to change the patterns later.Brain science research on children development found out that they have an ability of discriminating sounds in all human beings languages. In addition, an infant at six months of age has already started focusing on specific sounds of language around them by simply listening to speech adults hence altering their perceptual systems. Therefore, parents should emphasize in know ing whether their infants can see, hear, and feel stimuli in the environment. These early experiences in children regarding language will later determine their intellectual ability.Language trajectories between children who come from less successful homes and high-class ones are different. Their language skills when reaching schools is also different as those who have experience due to a lower socioeconomic status underperform compared to monolingual English speaking children. This is because there is a deficiency in language skills among less successful causing a mismatch with that the school needs. It is therefore clear that their intellectual ability has been determined by the early experience they had as they were developing before two or three years.Early experiences of children from low socioeconomic homes rise from low income and education among their parents or guardians. Low education among parents negatively affects language development of children. Their vocabulary and gr ammar in speech becomes most sensitive as the gap between their language skills and of those who come from more advantaged homes constantly increase as they develop. In return, their language skills affect their intellectual achievement throughout in life.Among the factors that affect development of children is parenting. Treatment of parents influences different temperaments in their children that determine their intellectual capacity in the future. Genetics is not a factor in early experience of children before two or three years because it does not correlate between actions of children and those of parents. However, if a parent who gave birth to an infant is emotionally overactive, actions can be taken and a calm parent can foster caring of the child. Environments that are emotionally stressful are associated with poor intellectual development causing risks such as low self-esteem and behavior problems.Clarke Clarke 1992, 1998) evaluated evidences for early experiences and effec ts on child development and how they will later influence them. It is argued that children given secure attachments when young perform well in school, as they will have social intelligence making them have good relationships with teachers and their peers. Those children who have suffered poor early hardships cannot fully overcome a poor start. According to Clarke, early experience therefore is important in making children be professional intellectuals....

Globalizations Influence on Contemporary International...

Globalization is a social process independent of man’s will. It is also a dynamic development process with inner contradictions and a dual nature. Although it provides a rare historic opportunity for many countries to develop, it also creates differences, competition and conflicts of interest. Globalization’s contradictions and dual nature also exert a complicated influence on contemporary international relations. While globalization deepens mutual dependence and further promotes this era’s trend toward peace and development, its nature of imbalance has led to the rise of power politics in the same period, complicating the process of multipolarization. The acceleration of globalization has continually deepened mutual dependence and†¦show more content†¦However, since the current globalization process took shape at a time when the old international order had not yet undergone fundamental change, the Western developed countries remain dominant. They are the biggest beneficiaries while the developing countries are in an adverse situation. Thus the imbalance of forces in the international structure has been aggravated. In 1999, the developed countries, whose populations account for only 20 percent of the world total, possess 80 percent of the global GDP and 81.2 percent of the total volume of world trade. The political and economic strength of a vast number of developing countries has weakened relatively rather than strengthened within a certain period. Hegemonism and power politics will intensify for a considerable period of time and new interventionism will likely run wild. The imbalance in the globalization process means th at the multipolarization of international politics will follow a long and tortuous road. In the process of globalization, a vast number of developing countries are faced with more and more challenges on the issue of national sovereignty. Effectively safeguarding national economic security has become a new task for these countries. In the process of globalization, different countries have different circumstances and standing. The developing countries, including China, are faced with unprecedented challenges andShow MoreRelatedGlobalization and Its Impact on Malaysia13672 Words   |  55 Pagesincreased competitive pressure that will be brought about by allowing their economies to be more connected to the rest of the world. Important anti-globalization organizations include environmental groups like Friends of the Earth and Green peace; international aid organizations like Oxfam ;third world government organizations like the G77; business organizations and trade unions whose competitiveness is threatened by globalization like the U.S. textiles and European farm lobby, as well as the AustralianRead Moreglobalisation3530 Words   |  15 Pagesand benefits of globalization along with its effect in developing countries. This has been a subject of debate with different views being put forth about the possible outco me of globalization in developing countries. Introduction International Relations is one of the most intensely studied and debated areas of intellectual inquiry. This is in part due to the distinctive theories and theoretical debates which have enriched research and writing in the field since World War II. Neorealist, neoliberalRead MoreDoes Globalization Diminish Cultural Differences3759 Words   |  16 Pagesfirst issues to solve out is the lack of a universal terminology. In other words, theres no common acceptance of a unique meaning of the concept of Globalization. As in this paper I will try to identify relations between globalization and cultural diversity and the effects of such relations, it would be appropriate to take the concept of culture as a starting point to try and explore the process of change of such concept between certain social groups, caused by globalization. Everyday we hearRead MoreAustralian Wine Industry Report5993 Words   |  24 Pages------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Global and International Business Contexts Australian Wine Industry Report Word court: 2690 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapters 1. Introduction 1.1 Company background and brand concept 1.2 Importance of Diversity and cultural different between European Australia 1.3 Develop a model and factors of buying behavior between European Australia 2. Porter’s National Diamond model 2.1 FactorRead MoreThe Cause of Globalization18688 Words   |  75 PagesGarrett / CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES / August-September 2000 The most important causes of globalization differ among the three major components of international market integration: trade, multinational production, and international finance. The information technology revolution has made it very difficult for governments to control cross-border capital movements, even if they have political incentives to do so. Governments can still restrict the multinationalization ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Adam McKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. Morrow Jr. 161 6 Locating the United States in Twentieth-Century World History †¢ Carl J. Guarneri Read MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesMcGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell Leadership, Fifth Edition Hughes−Ginnett−Curphy The Art of M A: Merger/Acquisitions/Buyout Guide, Third Edition Reed−Lajoux andRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118 †¢ Job Attitudes 119 †¢ Deviant Workplace Behaviors 119 †¢ Safety and Injury at Work 119 †¢ How Managers Can Influence Moods 120 Summary and Implications for Managers 121 Self-Assessment Library How Are You Feeling Right Now? 98 Self-Assessment Library What’s My Affect Intensity? 104 Myth or Science? We Are Better Judges of When Others Are Happy Than When They AreRead MoreDubais Political and Economic Development: Essay38738 Words   |  155 Pages The Associated Press (March 30,2005). 12 Tarek Atia, Everybodys a winner, Yale Global Online (February 9,2005). l3 Ibid. 8 7 and sales to attract over two million people per year since 2 ~ 2 . This aggressive ~ ~ celebration of international consumerism has come to define Dubai s c u l t ~ r e . Indeed, the festivals slogan, One World, One Family, One Festival suggests a ruling ethos that is enthusiastically willing to embrace the more materialistic aspects of globalization.6

Farmers dbq free essay sample

Although the farmers had plausible arguments for most of their criticisms, their beliefs of the silver standard and overproduction sometimes could not be backed up. However, rammers continued to struggle between inevitable issues like the currency debate, constant debt and rising costs. The debate over United States currency was a huge obstacle for farmers to overcome because they were in direct relation to the money crisis.In 1890 and 1 892 with the Call and Omaha Platforms, farmers wanted free and unlimited coinage of silver so they could pay off any debt. A chart showing United States Population and Money in Circulation in 1865-1895 (Document C), shows how after a period of less money in circulation in the sass was solved in the 1 sass by the Bland-Allison Act which was later replaced by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1890. Both of these acts were passed in Congress to provide free coinage of silver. The reasoning for the silver standard in the Populist platform in 1892 (Document A) was justified by the same reasoning as William Jennings Bryan in his Cross of Gold speech. We will write a custom essay sample on Farmers dbq or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both describe how the conspiracy that the gold standard is better because England still uses it questions why America became an independent nation. However, he farmers still remained defeated on the currency debate because of the gold bug president gaining control of office. One of the biggest struggles for the farmers was not being able to pay off debt.They borrowed extravagant amounts of money from the bank at high interest rates, but this complaint was reasonable because one could not be a farmer without taking these risks. During Grover Cleveland second non- consecutive year in office a horrible four-year depression occurred called the Panic of 1893. This panic was caused by over speculation in the stock market ND over expansion of railroads; both of these decisions made by the eastern president, Cleveland. As depicted in A Farmers Voice, a Chicago newspaper, (Document D) an eastern leader, Cleveland, takes his western slaves, the farmers, to the courthouse because the farms have been foreclosed. Farm foreclosures, a twenty percent unemployment rate and the cause for Cleveland to return to the gold standard, were effects of the Panic of 1893. Ultimately, this depression added to the unavoidable obstacle of debt.

Why I Became a Criminal Justice Major Essay Example

Why I Became a Criminal Justice Major Essay A career in Criminal Justice can be an exciting and very rewarding road to travel. It has a high risk of danger, but the capture of someone who has harmed another human being is a great reward. As a law enforcement official, you can help to keep criminals off the street and provide safety to the community. The main concern for me would be to provide a safe environment for our children. There are a lot criminals out there, who target children, and I want to contribute everything I can to stop this. Children are abused, kidnapped, molested, or hurt in some way every day in this country. There are ways to stop this and this should be stopped by any means necessary. I feel saddened when I see on the news where a child was harmed or has come up missing. When these things happen, it affects the child for the rest of their life. They feel the pain of what happens to them, and a lot of them believe that whatever happened to them was there fault. There is no need for children or anyone else to have live in fear for the rest of their life because someone decided to harm them for the sake of enjoyment. Illegal drugs are another reason for me choosing this career. Drugs can ruin your life; even cause you to lose your life. A lot of innocent people are killed every year because of drugs. Drugs dealers seek to get their money or drugs by any means necessary. This may include the killing of innocent people that are just bystanders in a drive-by shooting. Drugs can also lead to stealing or prostitution. We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Became a Criminal Justice Major specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Became a Criminal Justice Major specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Why I Became a Criminal Justice Major specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Women can become so addicted to drugs that they sell themselves to get the money to support their habit. There are a lot of innocent people out there in this country that need to be protected from the lunatics that like to bring harm to them. People work hard for their money to provide for their families and there are thieves who want to take it from them just because they do not want to work. They see this as an easy way to get what they want. There are so many crimes out there that are committed every day. These that I have talked about are just some of the ones to make me pursue a criminal justice career. I want to be in criminal justice to lessen these crimes that are harmful to society. I feel that a lot of innocent people are brought down every day and there is a solution for this. If I get the chance to save just a couple of lives, I feel that I will have made a tremendous contribution to society. Our society needs protection from these crimes, and I feel that I can be a big help in protecting society from harm.

5 Common African American Stereotypes in TV and Film

5 Common African American Stereotypes in TV and Film African Americans may be scoring more substantial parts in film and television, but many continue to play roles that fuel stereotypes, such as thugs and maids. The prevalence of these parts reveals the importance of  #OscarsSoWhite and how African Americans continue to struggle for quality roles on both the small and big screens, despite having won  Academy Awards  in  acting, screenwriting,  music production and other categories. The Magical Negro Magical Negro characters have long played key roles in films and television programs. These characters tend to be African American men with special powers who make appearances solely to help white characters out of jams, seemingly unconcerned about their own lives. The late Michael Clarke Duncan famously played such a character in â€Å"The Green Mile.† Moviefone wrote of Duncan’s character, John Coffey, â€Å"He’s more an allegorical symbol than a person, his initials are J.C., he has miraculous healing powers, and he voluntarily submits to execution by the state as a way of doing penance for the sins of others. A ‘Magical Negro’ character is often the sign of lazy writing at best, or of patronizing cynicism at worst.† Magical Negroes are also problematic because they have no inner lives or desires of their own. Instead, they exist solely as a support system to the white characters, reinforcing the idea that African Americans aren’t as valuable or as human as their white counterparts. They don’t require unique storylines of their own because their lives simply don’t matter as much. In addition to Duncan, Morgan Freeman has played in some such roles, and Will Smith played a Magical Negro in â€Å"The Legend of Bagger Vance.† The Black Best Friend Black Best Friends typically don’t have special powers like Magical Negroes do, but they mainly function in films and television shows to guide white characters out of a crisis. Usually, female, the black best friend functions â€Å"to support the heroine, often with sass, attitude and a keen insight into relationships and life,† critic Greg Braxton noted in the  Los Angeles Times. Like Magical Negroes, black best friends appear not to have much going on in their own lives but turn up at exactly the right moment to coach white characters through life. In the film â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada,† for example, actress Tracie Thoms plays friend to star Anne Hathaway, reminding Hathaway’s character that she’s losing touch with her values. Also, actress Aisha Tyler played friend to Jennifer Love Hewitt on â€Å"The Ghost Whisperer,† and Lisa Nicole Carson played friend to Calista Flockhart on â€Å"Ally McBeal.† Television executive Rose Catherine Pinkney told the Times that there is a long tradition of black best friends in Hollywood. â€Å"Historically, people of color have had to play nurturing, rational caretakers of the white lead characters. And studios are just not willing to reverse that role.† The Thug There’s no shortage of black male actors playing drug dealers, pimps, con-artists and other forms of criminals in television shows and films such as â€Å"The Wire† and â€Å"Training Day.† The disproportionate amount of African Americans playing criminals in Hollywood fuels the racial stereotype that black men are dangerous and drawn to illicit activities. Often these films and television shows provide little social context for why more black men than others are likely to end up in the criminal justice system. They overlook how racial and economic injustice makes it more difficult for young black men to evade a prison term or how policies such as stop-and-frisk and racial profiling make black men targets of the authorities. They fail to ask whether black men are inherently more likely to be criminals than anyone else or if society plays a role in creating the cradle-to-prison pipeline for African American men. The Brash Woman Black women are routinely portrayed in television and film  as sassy, neck-rolling harpies  with major attitude problems. The popularity of reality television shows adds fuel to the fire of this stereotype. To ensure that programs such as â€Å"Basketball Wives† maintain plenty of drama, often the loudest and most aggressive black women are featured on these shows. Black women say these depictions have real-world consequences in their love lives and careers. When Bravo debuted the reality show â€Å"Married to Medicine† in 2013, black female physicians unsuccessfully petitioned the network to pull the plug on the program. â€Å"For the sake of integrity and character of black female physicians, we must ask that Bravo immediately remove and cancel ‘Married to Medicine’ from its channel, website, and any other media, the physicians demanded.  Black female physicians only compose 1 percent of the American workforce of physicians. Due to our small numbers, the depiction of black female doctors in media, on any scale, highly affects the public’s view of the character of all future and current African American female doctors.† The show ultimately aired and black women continue to complain that depictions of African American womanhood in the media fail to live up to reality. The Domestic Because blacks were forced into servitude for hundreds of years in the United States, it’s no surprise that one of the earliest stereotypes about African Americans to emerge in television and film is that of the domestic worker or mammy. Television shows and movies such as â€Å"Beulah† and â€Å"Gone With The Wind† capitalized on the mammy stereotype in the early 20th century. But more recently, movies such as â€Å"Driving Miss Daisy† and â€Å"The Help† featured African Americans as domestics as well. While Latinos are arguably the group most likely to be typecast as domestic workers nowadays, the controversy over the portrayal of black domestics in Hollywood hasn’t gone away. The 2011 film â€Å"The Help† faced intense criticism because the black maids helped catapult the white protagonist to a new stage in life while their lives remained static. Like the Magical Negro and the Black Best Friend, black domestics in film function mostly to nurture and guide white characters.

Learning from failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Learning from failure - Essay Example This paper will therefore, discuss various perspectives associated with knowledge and innovation management. Knowledge management entails, capturing, disseminating, developing, sharing, and using of the organization knowledge. Managing knowledge in an organization is very critical in achieving the set goals and objectives. In addition, it improves the competitiveness of the business in the market. This plays a significant role in maintaining a constant flow of revenue. In addition, it motivates the employees to aim high, an aspect that is replicated in the overall performance of the business (Malhotra 2000). Innovation management is the practice of managing the processes involved in innovation. Most organizations anticipate the future based on the experiences. When the past is suspended, and the future is envisioned, it becomes easy to recognize the forces of growth and change (Pauleen 2007). A holistic view of the anticipated future experiences has a better impact on the innovation than placing emphasis on the past. It is crucial to develop a hypothesis for the future rather than predicting it. Breakthroughs rarely survive without a strong and working decision making model. This model should differ with the model used in incremental innovation. It has become increasingly clear that old models rarely work (Dess 2012). Technology dependent decision making systems have the weakness of failing to engage the vital stakeholders. Automation in decision making causes consensus to be hard to obtain. Therefore, a health decision making system seldom works without a champion who can engage teams and make decisions to enhance mutual progress. The products life cycle is drastically becoming smaller with time in comparison to the past. It is quite notable that in the technological devaluation of the products is moving at a high speed especially in the information technology industry. In a short span, a lot of changes are evident, and this

Kush dynasty before the 1600 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Kush dynasty before the 1600 - Research Paper Example (Mazour, 1993). Though the Kush Dynasty was a separate entity, they were more interested in the Egyptian culture. The major reason behind the invasion of Egypt was Kush Dynasty’s alliance with the Hyskos. During this period, they captured every part of Egypt and at last the entire country came under their control. (Redford, 2006). Kerma was the first place to be captured by the Kingdom of Kush and this was the initial stage of the invasion into Europe. Soon after this, the entire Egypt came under their control. (Torok, 1997). Even though the Egyptian people strived hard to retain their old ruling regimen, they could not succeed. But this did not last for a longer time, since the reunion of the entire country ended up in the eradication of the Kingdom of Kush. (Welsby, 1998). Soon after this, the Kush Dynasty took over Nubia and later on Egypt fell as the prey to Kush Dynasty once again. The Kush kings dominated the country right from the initial parts of Nile, till the Mediterranean coast. This period is often referred to as the Black Period of

Critical thinking process Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking process Essay Critical thinking often involves the creation of alternative plans, solutions, approaches, etc. , then comparing original with the alternatives. Creative thinking requires some critical evaluation during and after the creative phase. Critical thinking depends upon that little known and seldom discussed characteristic of the human nervous system—self-reflexiveness. Usually it also depends upon that remarkable human creation and tool—self reflexive language. Humans not only know about their environment, they know that they know; they can think about how they think, evaluate their evaluations. Languages, too, have this self-reflexive characteristic. They enable us to talk about talk, to make statements about statements, to write books about writing books. The self-reflexiveness of language and the human nervous system provide us with an open minded system: we can make statements about statements, indefinitely; we can react to our reactions to our reactions indefinitely. At no point can we say, â€Å"That’s the last word on the subject† or, â€Å"No further reaction is possible† (since, in doing so, we have said more, reacted further). However, believing that we have said the last word may cut of the self-reflexive process. This open ended, self reflexive system makes it possible for us to conduct scientific research, write poetry, plan enterprises, spin out complex tales of fiction—or spread rumours, spin webs of delusion and talk ourselves into insanity or war. Which we will do depends in part upon our motivation, but also upon our understanding of the thinking process and some aspects of the working of the nervous system. General semantics provides a meta-linguistic or ‘second order’ approach to critical thinking. It enables us to use self-reflexiveness systematically to monitor on-going evaluations. The principles and devices it provides call attention to either-or and ‘allness’ statements, to inferences treated as facts, to overgeneralizations, to statements unrestricted in time, to overly-simple statements of causality, etc. The tools work, whatever the order of abstraction, whatever the source of the statement (Johnson, 1991). How language empowers or limits the expression of our thoughts. Along with most of his contemporaries, Blair defines language in terms of a relationship between signs and thoughts: â€Å"Language signifies the expression of our ideas by certain articulate sounds, which are used as the signs of those ideas† (cited 1:98). Elaborating on this interdependence, he asserts that â€Å"when we are employed in the study of composition, we are cultivating reason itself. True rhetoric and sound logic are very nearly allied. The study of arranging and expressing our thoughts with propriety, teaches to think, as well as to speak, accurately so close is the connection between thought and the words in which they are clothed† (Ulman, 1994). Language can empowers and limit the expression of our thoughts. Talking about something that reinforces it, therefore say what you want to be true. Language has power, and by knowing this, you can select words that allow others to hear and understand you. Certain words provide a way of maintaining the focus of what you want. They can assist you to be in the state of mind that you desire. Looking for positive language patterns, gives your brain the opportunity to find alternative ways expressing your experiences to yourself and others. These tools get you off automatic pilot and in control. Having choice means you can regulate how an experience will affect you. You can choose to use your old patterns of expression which produces certain results, or use empowering language to give you different results. Now it can be you who decides. Labels limit is another concept that we’re dealing with here. When we label something or someone, we put a meaning on it that can limit our awareness, experience, and understanding. Labels are a form of beliefs, and like all beliefs, they filter our perceptions. Our beliefs only allow us to be conscious of things that are in agreement with them, and we unconsciously filter everything else. It can be tremendous evidence of the opposite to penetrate the belief filters. But with negative labels, the effects can be very destructive (Kaufman, 1998). The role of critical thinking in persuasion. What is the value of critical thinking? When someone else writes or speaks a peace of reasoning, they are trying to persuade us of something. Persuasion is an attempt to get us to believe something. People want us to believe things so that we will act in certain ways. Action requires some effort. There are choices involved. We could be doing something else. Because of this, it is very useful to be able to evaluate reasoning, for some pieces of reasoning should be accepted while others should not be accepted. If persuasion occurs in advertising, we could be doing many other things with our money. Take buying a car, for example. A lot of money can be involved, so what kind of car to buy can be a pretty big decision. Whether to marry a certain person or which of a couple of job offers to take are still bigger decisions. Almost every reader will eventually get some serious illness. There may be several different treatments available. One’s comfort, health, even ones life may depend on the decision as to which treatment to undertake. To make these decisions well, we will need to gather our own reasons to support various alternative conclusions. At that time, we could make an irrational decision, or a sheep like decision to follow some other person’s advice. The values of critical thinking, specifically how to recognize and evaluate reasoning, are the following: †¢ It help us arrive at true conclusions and therefore †¢ it increases our knowledge. †¢ It should help us make better decisions. †¢ It should help us persuade others and †¢ explain truth to them. †¢ Contribute to a happier life (Cogan, 1998). References Johnson, K. G. (1991). Thinking creatically: a systematic, interdisciplinary approach to creative-critical thinking. Englewood: Institute of General Semantics. Kaufman, R. A. (1998). Anatomy of Success. New York: Ronald A Kaufman. Robert Cogan. (1998). Critical thinking: step by step. Boston: University Press of America. Ulman, H. L. (1994). Things, thoughts, words, and actions: the problem of language in late eighteenth-century British rhetorical theory. New York: SIU Press.

substance and economics :: essays research papers

SUBSTANCE AND ECONOMICS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Culture is a learned reaction, this human survival trait gives us a way to colonize and adapt to our environment. With out this key element, adaptation becomes complicated, and our species will die off. Archeologist have dug and scraped away the dirt, rocks and mud to bring us a glimpse of the past. Their fieldwork has shown us how we, as a whole, have biologically adapted to suit our modern needs in the environment that our ancestors have lived in. In addition, they also tell us how we have changed the natural environment as the population has increased in size. This brings us to substance and economics, a basic foundation in which a culture can survive. The definition of economics is reacting to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. For the definition of substance I have found two that compliment this cross-cultural comparison. One is ?material possessions, wealth, and property?. The second definition is ?that which gives stability or solidarity, confidence, and ground.? These definitions are not only evident in today?s modern social infrastructures but also evident in cultures of the past and the social order in other countries. We have come to understand that there are four ways to sustain a community that our evolution process has brought us to. These ways are hunting and gathering, fishing and gardening, herding, and agriculture. The longest known survival method is hunting and gathering. This course of action was a main part of the old stone culture known as the Paleolithic period when hominids walked the land. They would gather berries, seeds, wild fruits, vegetables and even hunted wild game in the area. This type of practice is still used today in Africa and other parts of the world. Similarly, the Yiwara, who inhabit the heart of the Gibson Desert, have a lifestyle adapted to this arid environment. In the desert, there is no regular seasonal pattern of food-collecting, because there are no predictable seasons when plants can be expected to ripen. Thus, opportunistic movement towards rainfall and known water catchments spots also known as billabongs characterizes the subsistence of the Yiwara. Large game constitutes only a small part of the Yiwara diet, which is largely vegetarian. Lizards, rabbits provide most of the protein and are collected by everyone. Even these small animals are divided and shared among kin. Individual portions may be barely a mouthful, but nothing is wasted.

Impact of globalization on manufacturing in the U.S

Globalization owes its origin to at least the late 1980s. During this period, new nations were entering into manufacturing, which was in some logic the weakest connection in the U. S. series of science, development, manufacturing, and sale of goods and services. However, for some nations such as Japan, lower wages firstly made it possible to exploit this relative U. S. weakness. Nevertheless, Japan swiftly developed other diverse advantages articulated on improved manufacturing methods (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Impact on labor market Globalization stimulates extensively differing views and projections, varying from rosy portrayal of a supple, worldwide borderless labor market to awful situations of severe polarization between labor market â€Å"winners† as well as â€Å"losers. † First, let us examine globalization impact on careers (labor) and its subsequent consequences on manufacturing. With reduced trade barriers, new international market crop up as well as advanced information and communication technologies, the job market was tremendously affected. Globalization has had an astonishing effect on working-class citizens in the United States, chiefly through the loss of hundreds of thousands of jobs brought about by outsourcing, with limited benefits to society (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). The key motivation for the outsourcing of jobs was to cut the extremely high labor costs that are thought to diminish revenue. Employers are reluctant to hire workers due to high cost of employee benefits, competitive wages, and skyrocketing health-care premiums hence they consider outsourcing the work to be cheap (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). In essence, it is more economical for an American firm to hire a computer programmer in India who would be eager to perform the work for about one-fifth the pay of an American employee with a degree, whose starting salary would be about $50,000-$70,000 (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). This leads Americans to be more uncertain about their job security since they cannot compete with their foreign counterparts that perform the same quantity of work for considerably less pay. Studies show that an estimated more than 2 million workers in the United States have lost their jobs in the last several years due to business closures in addition to layoffs (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003), (Benjamin and Perry 2003). Whereas higher productivity and new management and hiring practices are associated with loss of jobs, a number of companies are increasingly transferring their businesses to other countries with cheap cost of wages as opposed United States. Manufacturing industry has suffered largely in terms of job losses, involving mostly blue-collar workers. It is however acknowledged that many of white-collar jobs are going to China (for manufacturing) (Benjamin and Perry 2003). In the case of working Americans, they have been negatively affected by the colossal increase in foreign trade. There has been loss of well-paying manufacturing jobs, important downward pressure on wages as well as increased disparity. The doubling of trade as a share of the economy over the last 25 years was accompanied by a substantial trade deficit, directly displacing several million jobs (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Majority of the jobs were in the manufacturing region, which incorporated millions of union jobs that were well paying compared with average wages (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Within a period of five years from 2000 to 2005, there was decline as well as disappearance of more than three million manufacturing jobs. It is estimate that at least 30 percent of the decline was due to the rise in the manufactured goods trade deficit (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). With U. S. multinational corporations being occupied on both sides of the international trade, almost 50% of all U. S. -owned manufacturing production is now situated in foreign countries, thus an imperative part of the manufacturing job loss has been due to most of U. S. firms exporting back to the U. S. or producing abroad what they once produced locally (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). The loss of manufacturing jobs as result of globalization saw wage losses for displaced workers, majority of whom never regained their former wage levels even after acquiring new employment. Globalization had also the effect of increasing world production capacity, which had had the effect of lowering the prices of traded goods, the consequence of which saw workers pay being reduced to reflect the value of goods produced (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Employers to oppose wage increments for the manufacturing employees used the direct foreign threat. Similarly, the flow of investment in plant and equipment and technology oversaw increase in foreign productivity in sectors that used to be U. S. export strongholds, resulting in declining terms of trade and hence declining real income growth. Last but not the least, as foreign trade drove workers out of manufacturing into poorly paid service jobs; the new supply of workers competing for the same jobs orchestrated lowering of wages of similarly skilled service workers. What does it imply? It implies that throwing the American workers into competition with production derived from low-wage countries, both those workers engaged directly in import-competing sectors as well as all employees economy-wide who have similar expertise and qualifications will have their wages squeezed. In fact, whereas trade flows with low-wage nations have increased, the distribution of income and wealth in the U. S. has grown more and more unequal (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Impact on input versus output International Trade is increasingly imperative in the global economy and to the United States in particular. During the last 15 years, global sells abroad have more than tripled and have accounted for more than a third of global economic growth. In deviation from the previous decades, when industrialized economies dictated global trade flows, there has been an increase in developing economies’ share of global exports by just over a quarter in the late 1990s to 41 percent by 2004 (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). Increased participation in international trade by the developing world is a crucial force behind what many refer to as â€Å"globalization†. Actually more than 50 percent of US trade presently carried out with developing countries, up from just over a third in the late 1980s. In US economy, manufacturing is the most trade-engaged sector accounting for 60% of the country’s exports and 80% of imports. Globalization has had an important impact on U. S. manufactures, as manufactured products accounts for 75 percent of worldwide trade (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Following vigorous intensification of both U. S. manufactured exports and imports at some stage in the mid 1990s; a noteworthy departure has taken place. Ever since 1998, U. S. sells abroad have grown by just 3 percent per-year (Bardhan & Kroll, 2003). The country’s share of world exports fell from 13 percent in 1998 to just 9 percent in 2004 – the lowly allocation dating 17 years back. Happening correspondingly, imports grew by 8% per-year and the manufactured trade shortfall increased from -240 billion to -603 billion by 2005 (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Whereas a variety of the latest import surge has been as a result of the strong U. S. conomy (especially since mid-2003) the truth remains that today, trade ins account for over a 35 percent of manufactured products consumed in the United States – an increase from 25 percent in 1992 and just 15% a 10 years earlier (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). A 66 percent of the increase in manufactured imports since 1998 originated from the developing world, and half of that has came from China alone. This rise in import penetration and loss of export competitiveness has had a sign ificant impact on the current state manufacturing (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). While in general, manufacturing production has improved from the 2001 decline, currently positioning at 6 percent above its pre-recession high, in addition to manufacturing employment increasing moderately subsequent to bottoming out earlier in 2004, the present manufacturing resurgence has developed half as fast as the recoveries following the preceding four declines (Bhagwati & Marvin, 1994). Of eminent concern is the loss of market share both at home and abroad in recent years by the Unite States manufacturing. While some articulate this market share loss to be because of the inevitable bad trade policy as well as globalization, to others this serves as a pointer to the fact that in a time of severe global competition, changes in a country’s competitiveness have much larger effects at present than they had in previous decades. Consider dollar value for instance. After sustaining stability for the better part of a decade, its value increased by 28 percent through the period running from 1996 to 2002. Dollar value increase led to imports being competitive in the US market, whereas concurrently it made U. S. exports more costly in markets overseas. It was during this period that, the rise in import penetration as well as the loss of global export share abroad was most significant. In a period of elevated international competition, US manufacturers have crucially been burdened by high structural non-production costs. Over the last decade, U. S. manufacturers have increased their productivity by over half, more than 150 percent the pace of their major trading partners. Conversely, much of these efficiency gains have been offset by rising non-production costs at home. As per a research carried out several years ago by the NAM’s Manufacturing Institute, which compared non-production costs on U. S. manufacturers to their nine major trading competitors: The findings indicated that Corporate Taxes on U. S. manufacturers were 16% high than those of their major trading partners. Benefit costs 36% higher, Regulatory burden 85% higher and Litigation 250% higher. Summed up, these excessive non-production costs add 22% to the cost of manufacturing in the U. S. and put U. S. manufacturers at the same level with Germany as most expensive place to produce in the world (Benjamin & Perry, 2003). Moreover, the recent rise in natural gas prices in US has only exaggerated the problem. If US could exclude those excessive costs, it would actually be a lower-cost place to manufacturer than most of their industrialized competitors (Broda & David, 2006). Outsourcing has seen the elimination of hundreds of thousands of jobs in the United States within the manufacturing industry. Outsourcing not only benefited US corporations, but also minimized the benefit to society (Broda & David, 2006). To offer an anecdote to this observation that outsourcing only benefits corporations while, only minimizing the benefit to society, Tyco Corporation, recently relocated to a location in Texas. Two of the major grounds for their relocation were due to the fact of lower labor costs as well as cheaper manufacturing costs (Broda & David, 2006). This was due to the comparatively close proximity to Mexico. Tyco perhaps took advantage of the great number of immigrants that move to Texas, who can work for comparatively low pay, which would facilitate raise, their bottom line. In so doing the company laid-off more than two hundred employees, some of this had been with the company for almost thirty-five years who had been making close to $22 per hour. The net effect was that these employees had to look for fresh employments, in lower-paying positions that maybe paid half as much, as well as they lost all of their seniority (Broda & David, 2006). Conclusion Even though there has been decline in jobs as well as universal interest within the manufacturing sector, outsourcing has had its benefits within the United States (Mandel, 2004). Sadly, it has been a consequence of just corporate welfare. Outsourcing has absolutely maintained costs low because of cheap input costs, which drips downward to the end user in low-priced products. In addition, with productivity rising from annually, corporations have been capable to raise their bottom lines while avoiding price surges (Mandel, 2004). Regrettably, corporate profits are escalating, save for there are no new jobs being created—jobs relocated to other countries are not being replaced. If blue collar, working-class citizens as well as the jobless workers who experience no job intensification are losing out, in that case who is winning the battle? Fine, additional productivity as well as lesser-input expenses decode to higher wealth. Businesses with their continually increasing profit limits; consumers, who experience near to the ground cost of goods. Furthermore, with no job growth in the current economy, there is really no new job industry to lead the way in creating new jobs. Too many U. S. jobs are being outsourced, and without the innovation of new industries, â€Å"job growth will stay sluggish, demand will eventually sag, and†¦incomes will be driven down under the continued pressure of competition from China, India, and other low-wage countries† (Mandel, 2004). However, with the innovation of new upcoming technologies there can be an explosive surge in employment and enormous potential for the economy.

The Constellations Star Patterns in the Sky

Observing the night sky is one of the oldest pastimes in human cultures. It likely goes back to the earliest human ancestors who began to use the sky for navigation. They noticed the backdrop of stars and charted how they changed over the year. In time, they began to tell tales about them, using the familiar look of some patterns to tell of gods, goddesses, heroes, princesses, and fantastic beasts.   Why Tell Star Tales? In modern times, people have many options for night-time activities that compete with the free stargazing of the past. In those days (and nights), people didnt have books, movies, television, and the Web to entertain themselves. So, they told stories, and the best inspiration was what they saw in the sky.  People also used the sky as a calendar, once they noticed a correlation between the stars in the sky during different times of year and the change of seasons. That led them to build observatories and temples that guided their skygazing for ritual purposes. Early skygazers made use of such places as Stonehenge to chart specific events tied to objects in the sky. Orion Lawlor Viewing and storytelling were the birthplace activities of astronomy. It was a simple beginning; people noticed the stars in the sky. Then, they named the stars. They noticed patterns among the stars. They also saw objects moving across the backdrop of stars from night to night and called them wanderers (which became planets). The science of astronomy grew over the centuries  as scientists figured out what the different objects in the sky are and learned more about them by studying them through telescopes and other instruments. Even today, astronomers at all levels use some of the constellations and star patterns that were seen by the ancients. For professionals, its part of a way to map the sky into regions based on those constellations. For all skygazers, these constellations provide a way to roam the sky. In addition, many star names are based on ancient words, particularly from the Arabic. The Birth of the Constellations Besides stargazing, the ancients put the stars they saw to good use. They played cosmic connect the dots with the stars to create patterns that looked like animals, gods, goddesses, and heroes. Then, they created stories about these stars, which are called  patterns of stars which are also known as constellations  Ã¢â‚¬â€ or constellation outlines. The stories are the basis of many myths that have come down to us through the centuries from the Greeks, Romans, Polynesians, Asian cultures, African tribes, Native Americans, and many more.   A star chart showing three easy-to-spot constellations in April. Carolyn Collins Petersen The constellation patterns and their stories date back thousands of years to the various cultures that existed in those times.  For example, the constellations Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, the Big Bear and the Little Bear, have been used by different populations around the world to identify those stars since the Ice Ages. Other constellations, such as Orion, have been observed around the world and figure in the mythos of many cultures. Orion is best-known from Greek legends. Most of the names we use today  come from ancient Greece or the Middle East, a legacy of the advanced learning those cultures had. They played a huge role in navigation for people who explored the Earths surface and oceans, as well.  In addition, navigators needed and created extensive star charts to help them find their way around the planet. A star chart view of Alpha Centauri, with the Southern Cross for reference. Many parts of the southern sky are not visible from the northern hemisphere. Unless an observer travels south, they may never see these constellations. Carolyn Collins Petersen There are different constellations visible from the northern and southern hemispheres. Some are visible from both. Travelers often find themselves having to learn whole new sets of constellations when they venture north or south from their home skies.   Constellations vs. Asterisms Most people know about the Big Dipper. Its really more of a landmark in the sky. Although many can recognize the Big Dipper, those seven stars are not really a constellation. They form what is what is known as an asterism. The Big Dipper is actually part of the constellation Ursa Major. Likewise, the nearby Little Dipper is a part of Ursa Minor. Use the Big Dipper to help you find two other stars in the sky. Carolyn Collins Petersen On the other hand, our landmark for the south, the Southern Cross is an actual constellation called Crux. Its long bar seems to point toward the actual region of the sky where Earths south pole points (also called the South Celestial Pole).   A star chart showing the southern cross and a nearby star cluster. Carolyn Collins Petersen There are 88 official constellations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres of our sky. Depending on where people live, they can probably see more than half of them throughout the year. The best way to learn them all is to observe throughout the year  and study the stars in each constellation. That makes it easier to search out deep-sky objects hidden among them.   To figure out which constellations are up at night most observers use star charts (such as those found online at SkyTelescope.com or Astronomy.com or in many astronomy books. Others use planetarium software such as Stellarium (Stellarium.org), or an astronomy app on their portable devices. There are many apps and programs that will help observers make useful star charts for their observing enjoyment. Fast Facts Constellations are groupings of stars into familiar-looking figures.There are 88 officially recognized constellations.Many cultures developed their own constellation figures.Stars in constellations are not usually close to one another. Their arrangement is a trick of perspective from our point of view on Earth. Sources â€Å"International Astronomical Union.†Ã‚  IAU, www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/.â€Å"The 88 Constellations of the Night Sky  Ã‚  .†Ã‚  The Taurus Constellation | Learning the Night Sky, Go Astronomy, www.go-astronomy.com/constellations.htm.  What are Constellations, www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/extra/constellations.html. Edited and updated by  Carolyn Collins Petersen.